The sensory fibers of the pharyngeal muscles come from the vagus, glossopharyngeal, and the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve. The vagus nerve and its branches provide motor innervation to all other muscles of the pharynx. The glossopharyngeal nerve provides motor to the stylopharyngeus muscle. The motor branch of the pharyngeal plexus comes from the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerve. The motor and sensory innervation of pharyngeal muscles is provided primarily by the pharyngeal plexus. Lymphatic drainage of the pharynx first goes to the retropharyngeal lymph node then into the deep cervical lymph node.
Venous drainage of the pharynx is into the pharyngeal venous plexus that eventually drains into the internal jugular vein. The branches of the external carotid artery include the ascending pharyngeal, facial, lingual, and maxillary artery. Blood Supply and LymphaticsĪrterial supply to the pharyngeal muscle is from branches of the external carotid artery. Subsequently, the vagus nerve innervates most of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles. The fourth branchial arch forms most of the pharyngeal constrictors as well as the superior laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve (CN X). The third arch also forms the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), which is the nerve that innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle. The third branchial arch develops into the stylopharyngeus muscle. The muscles and nerve innervation of the pharynx derive embryologically from the third and fourth brachial arches.
These muscles work together to help move food bolus from the oral cavity into the esophagus. The palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, and stylopharyngeus muscles are the inner longitudinal muscles that contract to raise the pharynx and larynx.
The superior pharyngeal constrictor contract to narrow its lumen to assist with bolus transport as well as seal the nasopharynx to prevent food from going up - the middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictors contract to narrow its lumen to assist with bolus transport. These constrictor muscles originate from bones and cartilage anteriorly and insert posteriorly to a tendinous seam called the pharyngeal raphe. The outer circular layer consists of the superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles. The pharynx extends from the posterior nasal and oral cavity to the cricoid cartilage before blending into the esophagus. The inner longitudinal layer consists of the palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, and stylopharyngeus muscles. The pharyngeal muscles receive innervation from the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerve to work in sync to propel food from the oral cavity into the esophagus. A group of muscles called the pharyngeal muscles, which consist of the outer circular layer and the inner longitudinal layer, forms the lumen of the pharynx. The pharynx is the digestive system posterior to the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx and divides into the oropharynx, nasopharynx, and laryngopharynx.
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